- Define cardiac output
- Describe how heart rate and stroke
volume affect cardiac output
- Learn the distribution of cardiac
output and rest and during exercise
- Define maximal oxygen uptake (VO2
max).
- List reasons why cross country
skiers must have a high maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max).
- Compare U.S. Olympic cross country
skiers with Swedish cross country skiers in terms of maximal oxygen uptake
(VO2 max).
- Understand the body composition
for men and women Olympic cross-country skiers
- Differentiate between body mass
and body composition
- Learn to calculate your own body
mass and body composition
- Describe the use of aerobic and
anaerobic energy sources in cross country skiing.
- Understand why Olympic cross-country
skiers must use both systems.
- Calculate your own aerobic and
anaerobic endurance.
- Cardiac output: The total volume
of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute. The product of heart rate and
stroke volume.
- Heart rate: The number of times
the heart contracts per minute.
- Stroke volume: The volume of
blood pumped per heart contraction.
- Aerobic Capacity: Another term
used for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max).
- Anaerobic Capacity: A measure
of anaerobic fitness; the maximal work performed in a short burst of high-intensity
exercise.
- Cardiovascular Fitness: The ability
of the heart, blood vessels, blood, and respiratory system to supply fuel,
especially oxygen, to the muscles and the ability of the muscles to utilize
fuel to allow sustained exercise.
- Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A laboratory
measure held to be the best measure of cardiovascular fitness. Commonly referred
to as V02 max or the volume (V) of oxygen used when a person reaches his or
her maximal (max) ability to supply it during exercise.
- Oxygen debt: The difference between
the exact amount of oxygen needed for an exercise task and the amount actually
taken in.
- Body composition: Percent of
muscle, fat, bone, and other tissues of which the body is composed
- Body Mass Index: A measure of
body composition using a height and weight formula
- Essential fat: Minimum amount
of fat in the body necessary to maintain healthy living
- Nonessential fat: Extra fat or
fat reserves stored in the body
- Overfat: Too much of the body
weight composed of fat
- Overweight: Weight in the excess
of normal; not harmful unless it is accompanied by overfatness
- Aerobic: "In the presence of oxygen"
-- Aerobic exercise supplies oxygen to working muscles
- Anaerobic: "In the absence of
oxygen" -- Anaerobic exercise is so great that the body can not meet the oxygen
demands
- Basal Metabolic Rate: Aminimum
level of energy required to sustain the body's vital functions in the waking
state
Cardiac
Output
- Introduction
- Cardiac output during exercise
- Introduction
- Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 max)
- Cross country skiing and VO2 max
- U.S. Olympic cross country skiers
compared with the Swedish cross country skiers
- US cross-country ski team field
method
- Introduction
- Body composition and body mass
- Essential fat and nonessential
fat
- Assessing body mass and body composition
- Introduction
- Three systems of generating ATP
(energy)
- Energy expenditure at rest and
during exercise
- Energy costs of various activities
© April,
1998, Montana State University-Bozeman
